The Growth Of The Manufacturing And Agriculture Sectors

Increased productivity in the manufacturing and agriculture sectors has created a higher level of disposable income in the population, which has led to increased purchases of services. As income rises, the demand for goods tends to rise less rapidly than the demand for services; hence, the importance of services in the economy will rise. The result has been an evolution of the economy from one geared primarily to manufactured goods to an economy engaged in the creation of services. Thus the growth of services has been significant. Changes in the pattern of employment will have implications upon where and how people live, upon educational requirements, and consequently upon the kinds of organizations that will be important to society. Industrialization created the need for semiskilled worker who could be trained in a few weeks to perform the routine tasks attending machines. The service economy has caused a shift to white collar occupations in health, education, and government. For th e first time in the history of industrial society, the number of white-collar workers (professionals; managers; officials; proprietors, clerical kindred, and sales workers) exceeded the number of blue-collar workers (craftsmen and foremen; operatives; and laborers) and the gap is widening. The most interesting growth has been in the managerial and professional-technical fields. The coordination of machines and people for the production of goods was central to the industrial society.Show MoreRelatedWhat Is The Gdp Growth Of The Oil And Gas Industry704 Words   |  3 PagesIran’s GDP growth back to the normal level Iran’s Parliament Research Center forecasts the country’s GDP growth to be 3.7 percent for the Persian year of 1396, March 2017 to March 2018. This is a third of the last year 12.5 percent growth rate, announced by the Central Bank of Iran. Last year’s strong performance was the result of the exploding growth in the oil sector after the nuclear deal. The forecasted growth rate is below the 8 percent rate, demanded by the 6th development plan of the countryRead MoreIndustrialization And Poverty1445 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty is the greatest challenge for the least developed countries. Industrialization is one of the effective ways to reduce poverty. Poverty can be reduced by economic growth and equality. Industrialization is a process where primary goods are used to produce manufacturing goods, sometimes human labor is replaces by machines and robots. Income per capita increases because of industrialization. The industrial revolution of 18th and 19th century ha s occurred because of major industrial shift in westernRead MoreThe Productivity Of South Africa Essay734 Words   |  3 Pages Although growth slowed in the financial sector last year, it and agriculture were the only two sectors in which labour productivity and output remained strong. But both sectors were unpredictable, and needed to improve on business efficiency to mitigate costs. In agriculture, forestry and fishing there was an increase in real output growth of 2.2% last year despite a 6.8% decrease in labour productivity growth. â€Å"A few sectors of the economy have performed well, with the mining sector yielding aRead MoreA Model Of Sustained Economic Growth1720 Words   |  7 PagesWRITE UP(DRAFT) The intention is to develop a model where sustained economic growth is the product of the alternation of numerous agents and this literature will provide insights to reasons for variations in Gdp growth during the recessionary period(2008-2013) in Europe while investigating the optimising agents which had significant impact on Gdp growth rate. The Solow growth(1956) hypothesis looked for the determinants of sustainable economic development in per capita gross domesticRead MoreEffects Of Foreign Direct Investment On Agricultural Output And Economic Growth Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pagesand economic growth in Kenya. The methodology involves estimating an economic growth model using panel data of the period from 1990 to 2013. By applying the OLS method, the results indicate that FDIhas a negative effect on the economy overall, while combining with other factors such as labour, GCF and exports. However, on its own, FDI’s prove to have a positive but insignificant effe ct on GDP. CHAPTER ONE Introduction Statement Claims that the Foreign Direct Investment in Agriculture in Kenya haveRead MoreMutual Relationship Between Agriculture and Industrialization1445 Words   |  6 PagesIndustrialisation The industrialisation process is historically based on the expansion of the secondary sector in an economy dominated by primary activities. Thus, industrialisation can be termed as the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernisation process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scaleRead MoreNigeria, The Most Populous African Country, With Enormous1518 Words   |  7 Pagesenormous potential in agriculture. If well managed, has the potential to become a global powerhouse through agro-industrialization. Agriculture, presently contributes less than 28% of the GDP of Nigeria, ironically holds the key for the accelerated growth and diversification and job creation for Nigerian economy. No country of the world has moved to industrialized economy status without passing through the transformation of the agricultural sector. The reason is simple. Agriculture provides the basicRead MoreUsing Top Down Analysis Of The Australian Economy Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe world price of Australia’s mining exports has more than tripled over the past decade, while investment spending by the mining sector increased from 2 per cent of GDP to 8 per cent. This ‘mining boom’ represents one of the largest shocks to hit the Australian economy in generations. This paper attempts to quantify some of its effects, using top-down analysis of the Australian economy. It will show the mining boom has substantially increased Australian living standards. By 2016, we estimate thatRead MoreThe Jeffersonian Principles Of Strict Construction1515 Words   |  7 Pages(more here? And implied powers), especially regarding the state of the United States economy at the time, are more effective in increasing long term economic growth and the quality of life of the nation’s citizens. However, a balance must b e struck between the two polar principles in order to control inflation and maintain long term economic growth, which includes eliminating tariffs but installing subsidies that target specific markets and restraining the overexpansion of credit. - Give a very specificRead MoreEmergin Markets_Brazils Quest for Comparative Advantage Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesBrazil’s Quest for Comparative Advantage XXXXXXXX STUDENT ID JANUARY 2015 Table of Contents: Page Number Abstract 3 What Makes Brazil’s Economy Competitive 4 Brazil’s Eager to Develop World-Class Manufacturing 5 Shifting Brazil’s Economy 5 On Ethics 6 Conclusion 6 References 7 Abstract When it comes to Global Business, Strategic/International Trade, among other

The School Community And Families Essay - 1600 Words

Part 1: The School Community and Families The place where I have been privileged enough to perform my fieldwork has been KIPP Washington Heights Middle School, which is a charter school located in the Mirabal Sisters School in 168th St., New York. This building has a very friendly atmosphere and feel to it. In the morning, the outside of the building tends to be very packed since there is a total of three different schools within the building. There are lots of parents who drop their children off at school in the morning, nonetheless, the majority of the parents who drop off their students are mostly parents of fifth and sixth grade students. There are also children who walk to school in the morning with their siblings since they attend the same school. Outside of the school building, are three security guards who welcome and greet the students, parents, and faculty into the building. As the students are walking in the building, the parents are socializing with one another and greeti ng the faculty of the school. Once the parents see that their children make it into the building safely, they slowly start to take off and wave goodbye to other parents and staff members. As one enters the building, you can see everyone parts and takes their own route depending on which of the three schools they attend or work for. As soon as you walk on, you see posters and reminders of different activities posted on the school doors. The halls are full of bulletin boards that introduce youShow MoreRelatedCommunity Involvement Pl The School, The Family And The Community2277 Words   |  10 Pagesfactors in the educational effort: the school, the family and the community. I having a deep belief that it is possible to establish meaningful connections between parents, teachers, students and neighbors. I hope to generate a dimension of education that is integral and integrative, it is highly relevant because it is adapted to the real conditions and needs of the community. Research has demonstrated the immense value of partnerships between parents, communities and teachers. It is for the greaterRead MoreReflection On Family School And Community Engagement1462 Words   |  6 PagesFamily, school, and community engagement is a shared responsibility and a continuous process that occurs wherever children learn and throughout their development into young adults† (National family, school, and community) Engagement Working Group. http://iel.org/fce . The goal is to promote an engagement that will bring communities, children, and families together as partners to support children’s learning, development and also provide some families with varies resource services to those who needRead MoreThe Impact Of Residential Schools On Communities And Families1975 Words   |  8 Pages The Impact of Residential Schools on Communities Families When residential schools began the kids were forcibly taken away, leaving the parents at home alone with no one to look after but each other. This became a huge issue within the communities because a huge part of First Nations life and culture is to educate your children, pass on the culture and to take care of them. These parents couldn’t do that, which left them feeling helpless and broken. Children are a huge part of First NationsRead MoreFamily School Community Partnership ( Fsc Partnership )1543 Words   |  7 Pages Family-School-Community Partnership What is a partnership? According to www.merriam-webster.com, â€Å"partnership is a relationship resembling a partnership and usually involving close cooperation between parties having specified and joint rights and responsibilities† (accessed 9/14/16). The information provided in this paper will answer the following questions: What is a Family-School-Community Partnership (FSC partnership), what the framework for forming a partnership is, and who or what would benefitRead MoreMy School s Current Family And Community Engagement Assessment839 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this Family and Community Engagement Assessment is to analyze my school’s current family and community engagement efforts as related to students with disabilities. When considering the NCLB subgroups, it is important to note that my school does not have any students that receive free lunch or would be considered economically disadvantaged. However, we have a considerably large, growing populat ion of students that are categorized as disabled. 20% of our students have a disabilityRead MoreStudents With Disabilities For My Family And Community Engagement Assessment And School Community Relations Plan989 Words   |  4 Pagesdisabilities for my Family and Community Engagement Assessment and School-Community Relations Plan. As we know, NCLB subgroups include economically disadvantaged students, students from major racial and ethnic groups, students with disabilities under the IDEA, and students with limited English proficiency. In my district, we do not have any students that receive free lunch or would be considered economically disadvantaged. According to the NJ School Performance Report for my school, 92.5% of our studentsRead MoreDeveloping A Stronger Home And School Partnership865 Words   |  4 Pagesthe need to engage families and communities of diverse backgrounds and cultures. According to the 2012 â€Å"MetLife Survey of the American Teacher,† it identi fied family engagement as one of the most challenging aspect of their work. Schools and teachers want to develop a stronger home and school partnership with shared responsibility of the results, but are not always sure of how to make that happen. Likewise, families and communities have a great desire to partner with schools but often encounterRead MoreLyon Park s Community And Recreation Center1002 Words   |  5 PagesLyon Park’s CommUNITY Scholars After School Tutorial Program is located within Lyon Park Community Family Life and Recreation Center. The building was originally constructed in 1922 as the Old Cemetery School. The school was an African American school, eventually abandoned, until Durham’s West End community established the building as a community space (Lyon s Park School; West End Community Foundation, Inc). In 2002, the Community Family Life and Recreation Center opened, housing an auditoriumRead MoreCommunity School Model And Community Development Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesJacobson (2014) suggest that community schools that partner with several organizations, may have limitations. These limitations may include an inability to appropriately categorize the role of various organizations and their capacity for contribution. Affiliate members may not fit into a prescribed category. Therefore, accounting for the various changes in the dynamics and the degree to which various organizations can contribute individual schools, students and residents of low-income neighborhoodsRead MoreParent And Community Relationships : Parent Community Involvement806 Words   |  4 PagesParent and Community Relationships Parent and Community involvement does not occur overnight. Schools must make parent and community involvement a priority, valuing and accepting each other’s differences. Schools, families and communities must work together to support all students in a learning environment to ensure every student is a successful learner. Positive family and school involvement fosters a partnership among all schools encouraging students to reach their highest potential academically

Mine Sweeping System Using Image Processing Free Essays

string(33) " label portion certain features\." MINE SWEEPING SYSTEM USING IMAGE Processing Abstractions: Mine sweeping system is entirely designed for observing mines in peculiar user defined country. It uses a Java application from the user country and besides it consists of automaton which plays a cardinal function in the full system. The Java application and the automaton system works together to give an efficient system. We will write a custom essay sample on Mine Sweeping System Using Image Processing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Java application is besides known as waiter and the automaton system communicate each other through wireless transmittal. In this system the human contact with the automaton is non required. The Java application is used to command the full mine sensing procedure. The optical flow vector, the automaton alliance and practical map of the location of the automatons are displayed on the screen of the waiter computing machine. Besides, the antecedently consequences that is the automatons that has searched for mines will besides be available or displayed for the user. So, that no demand of hunt for mines once more and once more in same country or practical grid. The obtained database consequences are so uses to optimise thee mine brushing procedures in the hereafter through a LRU ( Least late used ) algorithm. The Robot system is aligned with a camera and uses a self-navigating algorithm with the obstruction turning away implemented utilizing optical flow. The optical flow which is produced within the milieus of the automaton system is registered utilizing the on board camera and by utilizing image processing methods like Image cleavage, Edge sensing and grouping, average filtrating thresholding procedure and by the vector computations, the hacking can be obtained. The automatons will work in a spontaneous practical grid and a existent clip map of the mine sweeping operation is displayed on the waiter system. Actually, the automatons will cipher the really shortest way within the grid while seeking and observing for the mines. The automatons commune with each other utilizing swarm engineering in order to carry through the undertaking. Introduction: The robotic usage of this mine sensing is a new procedure whereas the procedure of mine sensing is chiefly carried over by the worlds itself. They used to have on some protective cogwheel and some instruments with which they detect mines. There is a batch of hazard involved in this manner of mine sensing as no 1 can think the happening or the appendage of the blast. Hence so the usage of manual automatons in which they are guided by a user to observe or study a peculiar 1 for a mines therefore came into being. But these manner of observing mines was non much helpful as the manual navigate of the automaton of a certain country becomes tiresome largely over a big terrain. Therefore the demand for automatic automaton comes over when the user is non all required in voyaging the automaton. The robot hunt in a given country for the mines and the co-ordinates of their places are often sent to the waiter system. These automatons are plotted of a practical grid which is produced on the waiter system and their location can be tracked down. When a mine is detected the co-ordinate is sent back to the sever system and the symbol is marked on the practical grid denominating the sensing of mine such as co-ordinates, topographic point, clip, country all stored in the database. The user can so analyze the database to acquire the necessary information narrow down the hunt country. We used methods such as shortest way algorithm and chiefly image processing for obstruction turning away. Engagement of homo in the full sensing is non at all needed or zero. CONCEPTS AND FEATURES Optical flow Optical flow or ocular flow is the form of evident gesture of objects, surfaces and borders in a ocular scene caused by the comparative gesture between an perceiver and the scene [ 1 ] Optical flow computation utilizing Lucas cascade method The gesture of borders, surfaces and objects in a scene which raised by the gesture between an perceiver and scene is known as optical flow. The optical flow can be applied is obstacle turning away and self-alignment of driving circuit of the automaton. Calculation of optical flow Let us see two frames of clip T and a?† t at a place. The optical flow is calculated between this frames with the aid of a Taylor series method by utilizing partial derivation based on spacial and temporal coordnates. For a 2D+Tdimensional instance ( 3D orN-D instances are similar ) a voxel at locationimg alt="(x,y,t)" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.001.png"with strengthimg alt="I(x,y,t)" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.002.png"will hold moved byimg alt="Delta x" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.003.png",img alt="Delta y" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.004.png"andimg alt="Delta t" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.005.png"between the two image frames, and the followersbrightness stability restraintcan be given: img alt="I(x,y,t) = I(x+Delta x, y + Delta y, t + Delta t)" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.006.png"/ Assuming the motion to be little, the image restraint atimg alt="I(x,y,t)" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.002.png"withTaylor seriescan be developed to acquire: img alt="I(x+Delta x,y+Delta y,t+Delta t) = I(x,y,t) + frac{partial I}{partial x}Delta x+frac{partial I}{partial y}Delta y+frac{partial I}{partial t}Delta t+" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.007.png"H.O.T. From these equations it follows that: img alt="frac{partial I}{partial x}Delta x+frac{partial I}{partial y}Delta y+frac{partial I}{partial t}Delta t = 0" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.008.png"/ or img alt="frac{partial I}{partial x}frac{Delta x}{Delta t}+frac{partial I}{partial y}frac{Delta y}{Delta t}+frac{partial I}{partial t}frac{Delta t}{Delta t} = 0" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.009.png"/ which consequences in img alt="frac{partial I}{partial x}V_x+frac{partial I}{partial y}V_y+frac{partial I}{partial t} = 0" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.010.png"/ whereimg alt="V_x,V_y" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.011.png"are theimg alt="x" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.012.png"andimg alt="y" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.013.png"constituents of the speed or optical flow ofimg alt="I(x,y,t)" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.002.png"andimg alt=" frac{partial I}{partial x}" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.014.png",img alt=" frac{partial I}{partial y}" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.015.png"andimg alt=" frac{partial I}{partial t}" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.016.png"are the derived functions of the image atimg alt="(x,y,t)" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.001.png"in the corresponding waies.img alt="I_x" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagest ore/essays/1811218.017.png",img alt=" I_y" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.018.png"andimg alt=" I_t" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.019.png"can be written for the derived functions in the followers. Therefore: img alt="I_xV_x+I_yV_y=-I_t" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.020.png"/ or img alt="abla I^Tcdotvec{V} = -I_t" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.021.png"[ 1 ] A ; [ 2 ] This is an equation in two terra incognitas and can non be solved as such. This is known as theaperture problemof the optical flow algorithms. To happen the optical flow another set of equations is needed, given by some extra restraint. All optical flow methods introduce extra conditions for gauging the existent flow. In the mine sensing procedure optical flow is used for chiefly observing the object, hacking and besides for the robot pilotage. IMAGE SEGMENTATION Image cleavage is the procedure of partitioning a digital image into multiple sections which are sets of pels, besides known as ace pels. The end of cleavage is the simplify and/or alteration the representation of an image into something that is more pregnant full and easier to analyse. Image cleavage is typically used to turn up objects and boundaries which include lines, curves. In image more exactly image cleavage is the procedure of delegating a label to every pel in an image such that pels with the same label portion certain features. You read "Mine Sweeping System Using Image Processing" in category "Essay examples" The basic measure for image retrieval by mercantile establishment is the computation of the ocular characteristics. The necessity to observe the object as a whole and non merely portion of it has been approved utilizing a intercrossed cleavage technique based on border sensing, part growth and optical flow processs. Image cleavage proves to be an of import measure in ciphering the navigational consequences of the automaton system. [ 1 ] A ; [ 2 ] . Detection is based on object colour or strength contrast with the environing background. Regardless of the type of detector noise is ever present for cut downing these types of noises we use assorted types of filters. Median Filter Medium filter is a nonlinear method used to have noise from images. It is widely used as it is really effectual at taking noise while continuing borders. The average filter plants by traveling through the image pel by pel, replacing each value with the average value of vicinity pels. The form of neighbours is called the window, which pixel by pel over the full image. The median is calculated first screening all the pel values from the window into numerical over, and so replacing the pel being considered with the in-between pel value [ 3 ] Threshold Method It is besides known as image threshold. In this method, we introduce a new mechanism for observing the landmine. We merely convert the grayscale and cold images into binary or block/white images with specific threshold value or may be varies. Atmega 32 microcontroller The microcontroller we use in the mine sensing procedure for cryptography is the Atmega 32 which has characteristics such as. High public presentation, low power Atmel 8-bit micro accountant Advanced RISC architecture 133 powerful instructions- most signal clock rhythm executing 32Ãâ€"8 general intent working registry + peripheral control registry Fully inactive operation [ ] The microcontroller along with the L298 will be used to run the automaton automatically. img alt="C:UsersareshmangaliDesktopfh.bmp" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.022.png"/ Figure: Atmega 32 Microcontroller constellation Xbee pro communicating faculty The interaction between the automaton system and waiter system is formed through a Xbee faculty which acts as a trans receiver by procuring consecutive communicating utilizing the UART [ ] . Consecutive Communicationss The Xbee/Xbee-pro RF faculties interface to a host device through a logic – degree asynchronous consecutive port. Through its consecutive port the faculty can interact with any logic and electromotive force compatible VART ; or through a degree transcriber to any consecutive device. UART informations flow Devicess that have a vart interface can link straight to the pins of the RF faculty. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.023.png"Figure: UART environment Xbee pro system Flow Control DI ( Data In ) Buffer When the consecutive information enters RF faculty through the DI pin, the information is stood in the DI buffer until it can be processed. Hardware flow control ( CTS ) when the DI buffer is 17bytes off from being full ; by default, the faculty assert CTS to signal to the host device to halt directing informations CTS is re – asserted after the DI buffer has 34 bytes of memory available. Flow control DO ( Data Out ) When the RF information is received, the informations so enters the DO buffer and is sent out the consecutive point to a host device. Once the DO buffer reduces capacity, any extra entrance RF information is lost. Hardware flow control ( RTS ) : If RTs is enabled for flow control, informations will non be sent out the DO buffer every bit long as RTS is de- asserted. Therefore in this manner Xbee pro faculty questions to be an efficient trans receiver which initiates a 2nd VART channel. We create a templet foremost to carry through the papers processing demands. The others services will merely necessitate individual clip activation. SYSTEM DESIGN: The full mine sweeping system is categorized into three parts. They are: Waiter with Java Application Robot system with drove engineering Wireless communicating system img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.024.png"/ Figure: Block diagram system of Mine brushing img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.025.png"/ Figure: Microcontroller and architecture communicating img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1811218.026.png"/ Figure: On Board camera and system communicating With the aid of net beans application the user controls the full system. At first the user writes a â€Å"start† bid in the Java application. Data will be send to the UART channel through wireless consecutive communicating. The start bid is received by the GB Xbee faculty on the automaton system and it triggers the micro accountant. After triping the micro accountant it invariably transmit a signal to the driving circuit with the aid of UART channel which portray the practical grid. The alterations are deciphered by the Java application and it was created on GEY at the same clip. This methodological analysis proceeds the circuit until the automaton achieves at the terminal of the self-created practical map. When the micro accountant is triggered it sends informations non merely to the drive circuit but besides to on board IP camera through a radio web device ( router ) to get down the image processing faculty. After triping of the IP camera it captures the images of the practical grid and so it sends the information to the image processing faculty in which image cleavage optical flow consequences are generated. After finishing of the cringle the automaton sends a â€Å"stop† bid to the waiter. Software demands specification To put to death the mine sweeping system the user foremost enter the application The automaton starts its procedure of seeking when it receives bid from the waiter The automaton more over follows a optical flow which can be obtained by utilizing the on board IP camera. With the aid of optical flow method the automaton can avoid the obstructions and it itself align a practical map. The automaton so selects a shortest way on the practical grid to observe the mines. In this procedure the camera gaining control the image and the informations will be send to the image processing faculty in which mines can be detected by image cleavage procedure. After the image cleavage the information will be send to the waiter and shop in a information base. Here LRU algorithm is used to better the mine searching, observing and efficiency. Premises The distance between the client and the automaton should non be exceeded more than 500mtrs for good consequences. Dependences The connexion strength of UART is changeless. The automaton system must hold a changeless power supply all the times for accurate consequences. System characteristics The system consists of different characteristics to individual the operations. They are chiefly divided into: – Database Storage In this system this database storage plays a chief function. This storage system is used to hive away the images which was taken by on board camera. Here SQL database is developed and used to hive away consequences the automaton system and with the aid of JDBC connexion it was connected to java application Precedences With the aid of database the information will be stored manipulate and updated all the informations performed by the automaton is on the constituents. The illustrations are mine figure, location or country, count of mines etc. FunctionalRequirements The functional demands are nil but characteristics which are provided to stop users the full system has 3 bomber faculties they are Java application faculty Image processing faculty Robot faculty Java application faculty Java faculty is chief portion in the system from this lone the user starts the procedure by come ining the country of practical grid with this application we can besides see the full map with the aid of UART in which automaton performs operations. After finishing operations the applications shows the consequence for users java beans 7.0 is used to develop this application. Image processing faculty This faculty plays an of import key in the full system. By this the designation and localisation of mines was done. Here by utilizing image cleavage the mark is identified by the size form and visual aspect, this procedure is done by labelling procedure. In the image cleavage at first the gaining control image is labeled in to parts and so it converted in to black and white image so it subdivide the image harmonizing at that place sizes, forms and constructions. By utilizing these features the mark can be estimated of a mark assurance degree. Image cleavage is non sufficient for placing the mines so we use different mine field forms which can be find in survived part. Robot system faculty Thisconsists of micro accountant which generates the map and performs the operation when user gives a bid. Safety and Security Requirements Due to connexion failures and micro accountant lapses the system may be crashed to over this state of affairs the robot resets and show approximately message to the user. The radio web is based on SSID user and watchword, which consists of unafraid connexion. Applications It consist of user friendly GUI. Known human contact is needed. All the communicating is through radio and web. The user can manually overrule the system. Conclusion The chief of the research is to develop a system which has a capableness of finding an object or mine. Here we used feeling techniques image cleavage and acknowledgment and faculties How to cite Mine Sweeping System Using Image Processing, Essay examples

Critical Perspectives on Educational Leadership †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Critical Perspectives on Educational Leadership. Answer: Introduction The aim of this project is to analyze the leadership approaches of the various CEOs of the Australia and about their workplace which helps to increase the leadership effectiveness as well as the efficiency of the employees and organization. From the three set of interviews, the first interview is about the Michael Morgan, who is the CEO of the Microsoft technology specialist, Intergen in the Australia. The next interview session is all about the Mike Cannon-Brookes, who is the CEO of the Atlassian. The last person of the session is the CEO of walking the Talk, Ms. Carolyn Taylor from Australia. The views and perspective of each of the person are different and unique (Bendell, Little Sutherland, 2016). They have struggled a lot to achieve the success in their life. Leaders are not born-rather they adopt this quality and implement it in their life. Gradually with the pace of time, they have developed their business from a low scale and they have reached that height of the success which is difficult to touch. Nothing is impossible according to these famous personalities (Brumback, 2015). Every time they have maintained their patience, did hard work and implemented the resources in a useful manner. They have seen many breakdowns in their life. But they have never thought of the putting their step back. Rather, they have utilized their time in searching for the resources, manpower, and better transformations. None of the CEOs above have directly reached the CEO positions that are mentioned above. They have faced many ups and downs, has crossed several hurdles and with complete dedication and practice, they have reached this stage now. The journey of these dignitaries are not easy but wasn't impossible even. They have never applied the negative vibes in their workplace; rather they have tried to put the things in their place for better productivity and results. From the interview session, the fact that was highly appreciated by everyone is the way they think to change the structure of the world in an innovative way by putting the latest technologies in the frame and implementing the new era tools to develop the country in a better way (Cammack, 2017). The way these famous personalities think makes them extraordinary and extravagant from the others. To change the recent scenario of the country and to implement the new methods, these three interviewers were taken. They help to motivate the thinking process of each individual that will lead their life to a new level where they can see the way to fulfill their dreams. These delegates are the sources of motivation for the youngsters. Compare and contrast between the three leaders The leadership team of the Intergen did several things to break the records of the struggle of the other countries in order to establish their own name and frame in the Australia. The CEO of the Intergen Company has said in his interview that they had gone through several relationships methods and paths which were not easy to go. The CEO has his own set of opinion regarding the Australian market share, which is supposed to be changed to gain the recognition and productivity by improving the quality along with the quality of the product. Initially, they didn't have any office but form the last two to three years, they have dipped their feet into the service and have opened offices in Sydney and Perth, with a small physical presence but now that has literally been raised to a huge attraction point of the citizens. The organization has seen many growing pains in developing their brand name (Carroll, Ford Taylor, 2015). The business was mainly in the New Zealand but more rapidly it is growing in the Australia. The company has successfully recreated the case studies of the local market, restructured the growing business and has engaged the huge mass of the country into their business. The sales teams have grown up and mostly prefer the Australians. From these instances, the conclusion is quite clear and oblivious that without a leader the foundation can't stand properly. Michael Morgan has been chosen for the CEO post just because he had the most innovative ideas and methods to change the market scenario of the Australia. After New Zealand, he had already fixed his mind to rule the Australian market with his own set of principles and services. According to the Role theory of leadership, people are defined based on their learning and reading skills. They form their expectations and define their role according to the expectation (Collinson, 2014). The leaders encourage the others to act in the same way to achieve the goals of the life. In this scenario, Michael Morgan is playing the same role and has inspired the massive mass of the country. He has influenced the other to read and participate in the game so that their expectation form the life will never die. They should be able to play the role of the senders in order to balance the decision of life. According to Collinson, Grint Smolovic-Jones, the organization has set the rules for the culture and maintains the level to value the basic ethics that are very much helpful to shape the senior managers and so on (Collinson, Grint Smolovic-Jones, 2017). With the help of the leadership quality of Michael Morgan, the company is now able to reach the top of the market in the field oh share by changing the recent market scenario of the Australia. The organization has successfully established a number of companies in the other countries. Apart from the success of the New Zealand market, Michael Morgan has successfully applied the innovative ideas into the organization that has taken a new shape and frame in the Australian market. Due to his efforts and dedication, the organization has seen huge success and still trying to achieve the flying colors in every respect. Mike Cannon-Brookes, who is the CEO of the well-known software company Atlassian, has built the best battery plant that solves the several energy woes of the country. The company has successfully established the setup within 100 days which is the biggest achievement for them. After challenging the other company, he has started working on the project to meet the requirements of the citizens within some days. With his great dedication and patience, he has finally established the battery plant in the South Australia (Dugan, 2017). He hasn't expected a huge appreciation from the society but the expectation was just the opposite. Along with the other teammates, he has broken the record and solved the half quarter problem of the citizens. He had a clear intention of changing the state of the energy of the country that will reduce the sick state of the people and will probably bring some changes in the conversation. He had planned more effective solution to prove the battery plant as effective. He along with his team has worked more than the expectation. The best thing was many people were excited to work for him and interested to produce the battery for the industry. The entire discussion was about the change in the state of the energy with the help of that battery plant. He was considered as the effective leader as he has never given up to any situation and has always found the best solution to improve the condition of those areas which are under threat (Dugan, et al., 2017). He was selected as the CEO of the company as he was the only mind in the country, who has given the idea of the energy conversion with the help of the battery plant, though he was running the software industry. According to the Australian government, for the first in the history of the country, 100MW battery storage was built. He always plans something grandiose which puts him in the limelight. The company has committed to solving the further issue of the country in case of the energy problems. He works for the better potentiality of the country's energy state and has innovative ideas for it. Due to this reason, leaders are constructed from various departments to work effectively for the country (Edwards, et al., 2015). According to the strategic contingencies theory of the leadership, the power of the organization depends on the three factors- actor centrality, the uniqueness of the skill and the problem-solving skills. The team of the Mike Cannon-Brookes always works to resolve the issues of the company as well of the country. Mike Cannon-Brookes has the expertise skills and problem-solving capacity which puts him in demand. According to the law of supply of demand, the upper hand is always in the negotiations. It gives the power from the reciprocity that is created (Harris Jones, 2015). According to this theory, the manager has the capability to solve any type of problems in case of the emergency. He well understands the problems and solves the situation when anything goes wrong. Similarly, Mike Cannon-Brookes has the very good capacity to fix the things in a better way both mechanically and technically. He has a skilled team who works only for the better production of the organization. Due to his innovative ideas and working procedures, the company has gained several appreciations and applauds from the citizen as they have installed the best machine in the South Australia. For this reason, the economic conditions of the company have been changed and they are finding the best way to deal with those challenges in making the battery happen in a more realistic way (Ip, 2016). Due to his innovative idea, the February problems are solved in more than 90,000 houses. Prices of the batteries gradually fall and the storage capacity increases. The prices for the cell phones, electric cars, residential battery, laptops as well as for the computers will decrease significantly. This is the biggest achievement for the company in all these years that has changed the scale of production of the company. More than $150 million has been put on the investment but the output from it is quite more and beneficial. The idea has improved the long-term issues of the country and now has slowly changed the ups and downs of the electricity (Jaros, 2013). The large-scale power plant body will be more effective when it will be connected to the solar cells. Due to the use of the solar cells, the parts of the device will get cheaper and will be easy to buy in order to deploy that in the residents or anywhere the customers want. Due to the tremendous idea, the company has received appreciation and has started changing the production process to produce more effective devices for the better condition of the country. Ms. Carolyn Taylor, the CEO of walking the Talk, have recently talked in an interview about the cultural change in the organization. Along with the Deloitte, the companies have worked in partnership in order to deliver the cultural change programs to the clients in the Australia. In recent interview session, Carolyn has discussed the cultural transformation journey. He was considered as the best CEO by various reports as she was the foremost expert in the organizational culture change. She had worked alongside more than 200 culture change journeys, even consulted 15 mergers and acquisitions. From the very early age, she had started her journey and till date, she has worked or run more than 50000 workshops for the leaders. The innovative ideas and skills she had with her, makes her unique and capable for the CEO position. Her innovative leadership quality and outstanding personality, people consider her as their inspiration. She has the classic personality that suits very well for the corporate world (McCracken, 2017). From the very early age, she was pioneered to the values, leadership and culture thought for the corporate vision. She had worked for the Academic board members in the leading companies in order to bring the cultural practice in various projects. She has a clear vision to promote the cultural management methodologies in larger groups of both the internal as well external culture advocates. She has built the integrated cultural management system-planning, diagnosing and training tools that help to enable the culture in the organization. She is completely awa re of her strategy, leadership behavior as well as a cultural sense that makes her the most eligible women to be in the CEO position. According to the Leader-member exchange theory, explains the relationship of the circle of the trusted lieutenants, advisors and assistants, explain the high-level of responsibility, access to resources and helps in decision-influence. The theory mainly deals with the leadership skills that are needed to meet the organizational duties and the objectives of the organization (Rajbhandari, 2015). The individuals under this theory work harder to meet the target of the task and share the administrative duties. This theory is applicable in this case because Carolyn Taylor has supported the clear vision of the organization by providing the best solution about the culture to the employee in order to clear their objective in the long run. The relationships are nurtured with the inner circle that balances the power and ensures the mechanism properly. The process includes the role making, role taking, and reutilization (Smith, Kelly Allard, 2017). The role taking ability helps to bring out the inner talent of the individuals that are based on several opportunities to demonstrate the capabilities. The theory of Leader-membership exchange perfectly defines the nature of the Carolyn Taylor. Due to her leadership attitude and clear vision, the company has seen much success during the journey. Her clear vision for the cultural management helps her to found the new company, walking the talk. She has founded the integrated culture management system to enable the culture and to build the internal capability. From the various hubs of Europe and Latin America, walking the talk has experienced the cultural change just due to the efforts and dedication of the CEO that brings the extraordinary changes in the company and successfully changes the behavior as well as the mindset of the people (Shapira-Lishchinsky Levy-Gazenfrantz, 2016). Due to this change, the company has achieved huge appreciation and applauds across the world and has touched that limit which is quite difficult to achieve for a layman. She has literally strived to explore the changes and to lead a successful organization either by support or detracts from the performance of the company. According to the behavioral trait theory, the leaders are made, rather than born. The leaders never seek the inborn traits or capabilities; rather they actually do the things to become a successful leader. Similarly, Michael Morgan has perfectly described his actions towards the people that help him to adopt the ephemeral "traits" of a leader. It was his efforts and leadership quality which he has earned and with the help of that, he has successfully changed the market condition of the Australia (Smith, Kelly Allard, 2017). He has worked more than twenty years and due to his strong growth and numerous project successes, he has been chosen as the Country manager of Australia. He has the caliber to become the leader from his magnificent experiences. He has wide expectation and ambitions that helped him to be the key member at the highest level of the organization (Wilson, 2015). According to the contingency theory, Mike Cannon-Brookes has the similar ability and factors that make him the best out of millions due to his innovative styles, behavior, and capability that varies with the situation. The theory perfectly defines the nature of Mike Cannon-Brookes. He is a perfect choice and there is no other way of leading the company with the most innovative and powerful factors (Smyth, 2016). The main part of the theory explains the behavior and he defines it more precisely. He has developed the most useful and effective battery plant for the citizen of Australia that solves 90 percent of problem-related to the electricity. This nature shows his dedication and cares for the citizens that make him more special and unique from all (Western, 2013). According to the transactional theory, Ms. Carolyn Taylor is the perfect example who has the best motivation skills by rewards and punishments. She works for the social causes and systems with a clear chain of command. She has the clear structure for the subordinates and well-understand the formal system of the organization. She perfectly carries the organizational burden and manages the resources according to the capability. This exceptional attitude helped her to change the cultural structure of the company (Taylor Ford, 2016). Organizational issues faced by The organizational issues are the familiar part of the organization which needs time and patience to resolve the issue. Initially, Michael Morgan has seen several issues regarding the opening of a new branch in the Australia. He had already started the business in other countries, but still, he wants to help the citizens of Australia in case of the share market. From the very beginning, Michael Morgan didn't have the enough resources or strategy to open another branch as he was lacking with members, resources as well as has economic instability (Thompson, 2017). He had never thought of getting the huge appreciation from the Australian citizens within a very period of time. It was his effort and believes that took him to the highest level and has shown him the reality of the country. His efforts have successfully helped the citizens in the share market and have entirely changed the scenario. According to my point of view, he shouldn't lose the hope from the beginning stage as the life is so big and in every step, the hurdles are waiting. He needs to be strong instead of losing the hope. In the second case, Mike Cannon-Brookes has faced the problem in managing the resource as well as in the economic state. He was investing more than million in a single project, so he was afraid of the loss and its significance (Tillapaugh Haber-Curran, 2017). He has never imagined about the success and has always motivated the members to work hard for the project. He had stopped believing in him and has forgotten about the future consequences. In such cases, he needs to be focused and dedicated in order to manage the resource and economic condition of the company. Problems are the basic part of a project, but one who deals with properly will surely get the success in their life. In the last case, Ms. Carolyn Taylor has faced some problems regarding the cultural issues in the company. She has motivated an entire country but has faced some issues in the very initial stage as the changes are least understood by the business authorities. Everyone wants their own set of changes and has never focused on her methods, so these instances had put her in a low state and have reduced her strength (Tourish, 2013). According to my view, she would never give up with the situation and should always encourage the worst part of the life in order to face it boldly and bravely. She was completely aware of the changes and benefits, so she should not have taken the tensions to her mind. She needs to work according to the choice and demand of the business authorities (Watson, 2016). From the above instances, it was quite clear that everyone has some unique talent and skills which they need to put in a right place and time. Initially, the situation will not be same as eth way people want to be. Problems will always come to the way, but fighting with those and moving out of it is the true spirit of a leader. Each theory explained in the above section defines the real character of the CEO as they really deserve the position and rewards. Conclusion The theories are only applicable to them when they touched that limit which is quite tough for a layman to do. Some changes are necessary like they need to be strong in their decision without any fluctuations; they should utilize the resource in a convenient way and should focus on where they are standing. Crossing several hurdles and obstacles will raise the inner spirit of a person to achieve the highest height of the world. If one stops there and start to think, then the path will become more critical to cross and the dreams will only become a dream rather than a reality. References Bendell, J., Little, R., Sutherland, N. (2016). Learning from the impasse in Western leadership: implications of a critical perspective for non-Western scholarship. Brumback, G. B. (2015). Dennis Tourish. The Dark Side of Transformational Leadership: A Critical Perspective. New York, NY: Routledge, 2013, 252 pages, $39.95 paperback.Personnel Psychology,68(1), 223-229. Cammack, P. (2017). Book Review: Global Crises and the Crisis of Global Leadership by Stephen Gill Critical Perspectives on the Crisis of Global Governance by Stephen Gill New Constitutionalism and World Order by Stephen Gill and A. Claire Cutler (eds). Carroll, B., Ford, J., Taylor, S. (Eds.). (2015).Leadership: Contemporary critical perspectives. Sage. Collinson, D. (2014). Dichotomies, dialectics and dilemmas: New directions for critical leadership studies?.Leadership,10(1), 36-55. Collinson, D. L., Grint, K., Smolovic-Jones, O. (2017). No More Heroes: Critical Perspectives on Leadership Romanticism.Organization Studies. Dugan, J. P. (2017).Leadership theory: Cultivating critical perspectives. John Wiley Sons. Dugan, J. P., Turman, N. T., Barnes, A. C., Torrez, M. A. (2017).Leadership Theory: Facilitator's Guide for Cultivating Critical Perspectives. John Wiley Sons. Edwards, G., Schedlitzki, D., Ward, J., Wood, M. (2015). Exploring critical perspectives of toxic and bad leadership through film.Advances in Developing Human Resources,17(3), 363-375. Harris, A., Jones, M. (2015). Transforming education systems: comparative and critical perspectives on school leadership.Asia Pacific Journal of Education,35(3), 311-318. Ip, P. K. (2016). Leadership in the Chinese Philosophical Tradition: A Critical Perspective. InCultural Roots of Sustainable Management(pp. 53-63). Springer International Publishing. Jaros, S. (2013). Book review: The dark side of transformational leadership: A critical perspective. McCracken, M. (2017). Book review: Leadership: Contemporary Critical Perspectives. Rajbhandari, M. M. S. (2015). Critical Perspective on Situational Leadership Theory. Leadership Readiness for Flexibility and Mobility. The 4th Dimensions on Situational Leadership Styles in Educational Settings.Online Submission. Shapira-Lishchinsky, O., Levy-Gazenfrantz, T. (2016). The multifaceted nature of mentors authentic leadership and mentees emotional intelligence: A critical perspective.Educational Management Administration Leadership,44(6), 951-969. Smith, D., Kelly, D., Allard, C. (2017). Dialogic spaces: a critical policy development perspective of educational leadership qualifications.International Journal of Leadership in Education,20(4), 393-415. Smyth, J. (2016). Critical perspectives on educational leadership in the context of the march of neoliberalism.Ideologies in Educational Administration and Management, 147-58. Taylor, S., Ford, J. (2016). Critical Perspectives on Leadership Studies.The Routledge Companion to Leadership, 104. Thompson, C. S. (2017). Teachers Expectations of Educational Leaders Leadership Approach and Perspectives on the Principalship: Identifying Critical Leadership Paradigms for the 21st Century.Journal of Organizational and Educational Leadership,2(2). Tillapaugh, D., Haber-Curran, P. (2017).Critical Perspectives on Gender and Student Leadership: New Directions for Student Leadership, Number 154. John Wiley Sons. Tourish, D. (2013). The dark side of transformational leadership: A critical perspective.Development and Learning in Organizations,28(1). Watson, C. (2016). A Critical Feminist Perspective on Leadership Excellence and Gender.Closing the Gender Gap: Advancing Leadership and Organizations,1(1), 5. Western, S. (2013).Leadership: A critical text. Sage. Wilson, S. (2015). Book Review: The dark side of transformational leadership: A critical perspective.

What extent did Augustus establish a monarchy between 31BC and 19BC Essay Example

What extent did Augustus establish a monarchy between 31BC and 19BC Essay The key component of monarchy as a political system is generally considered to be the rule, usually in this period absolute, of one person over a state for the duration of their lifetime. It also contains an inherently hereditary nature, with the holder of the office not being elected or appointed through a political process, but named by their predecessor as heir. Rome of the first century BC, however, boasted a strong tradition of proud Republicanism; a tradition with which the concept of monarchy seemed wholly incompatible. Despite the virtual collapse of the Roman Republic in the foregoing years of military demagogues and civil war, and the systematic murder of vehement Republicans such as Cicero under the Triumvirate, the concept of hereditary rule was still widely regarded with hostility following the Battle of Actium. Memories of Julius Caesars adoption of quasi-monarchical powers in Rome loomed large, and the civil war had left the concept of monarchy indelibly associated with the eastern despotism and excess of the reviled Cleopatra. Such different systems of government are seemingly irreconcilable, being as they are inherently antagonistic. Yet Augustus Caesar, one of the most consummate politicians of the ancient world, somehow managed to achieve what had eluded all his predecessors; the establishment and maintenance of sustainable political dominance in Rome. We will write a custom essay sample on What extent did Augustus establish a monarchy between 31BC and 19BC specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What extent did Augustus establish a monarchy between 31BC and 19BC specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What extent did Augustus establish a monarchy between 31BC and 19BC specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Throughout his long period of rule, Augustus was careful to cloak the reality of his power in Republican phraseology and custom, yet, in bequeathing the Roman world a legacy of hereditary rule in many ways akin to monarchy, he simultaneously destroyed the very fabric and ideals of the Republican tradition. Following his victory over Antony at Actium, Caesars young heir, was, by his own admission, in complete control of affairs1 in Rome. At this point, Octavian enjoyed power similar to that of his adoptive father. Yet, although the true foundations of his pre-eminence his imperium over a vast army, granted in 43BC,2 his triumphant emergence from the civil war, and his command of unparalleled financial resources- had been established, Octavian was in no sense a monarch at this point. His regime lacked stability, especially since his position may have had little constitutional validity. His official term as triumvir had ended in either 33 or 32BC, and there is little solid evidence that he was ever granted additional extraordinary powers, although this possibility cannot be discounted. The Res Gestae inevitably points to the rather ambiguous universal consent,3 as the foundation of this dominance, which, given that Octavian had defeated the unpopular Antony and that all hopes of the peace Rome desperately craved now lay with the young man, may actually contain a grain of truth. Whether universal consent was the sole basis of his power or not, support was likely to have a finite duration, given that Octavians dominance was redolent of the political systems most despised, monarchy and dictatorship. The precedent of his adoptive father, however, loomed large, and Octavian, a consummate politician, was all too aware of the probable peril of riding roughshod over Republican sentiment; assassination. He recognised that, for his power to be sustainable, it would have to develop a basis acceptable to the Roman conscience. This is not necessarily proof that Octavian held any genuine desire to fully revive the Republic; whilst Suetonius asserts that twice Augustus seriously thought of restoring the Republican ystem,4 the princeps actions reveal any such intention, if it did ever exist, quickly evaporated. Octavian, despite his propagandist assertions to the contrary in the Res Gestae, was in all probability interested in maintaining and sustaining his power; in translating Caesars dream of permanent, stable family dominance into the realm of the possible and achievable. To do this, he had to create a monarchy veiled in Republican terminology and tradition, and establish himself as a mo narchical figure acceptable to the Romans. Dio leaves us in little doubt as to Octavians motives, claiming that he was eager to establish the monarchy in very truth. 5 In terms of establishing a stable political system in which his own power was accepted, Octavian used two main tactics. Firstly, he had to secure a constitutional legitimacy for his continued dominance, and, as Suetonius claimed, take great trouble to prevent his political system from causing any individual distress,6 particularly to the conservative political classes. Octavian, as quoted by Suetonius, was eager to build firm and lasting foundations for the Government of the State. 7 Secondly, and just as importantly, he had to secure his personal popularity amongst the Roman people, and cultivate a new, acceptable image of monarchy far removed from popular images of tyranny and despotism. In terms of achieving a new constitution, Octavian realised that he would have to tread exceptionally carefully, given that resistance to overt displays of power was strongest amongst the conservatives of the Senate. Ever the shrewd politician, Octavian quickly realised that, paradoxically, the best way to obtain sustainable personal power was to appease the elite by posing as the defender, rather than the destroyer, of the Republican tradition. Octavian, once known for his ruthless ambition, suddenly and seamlessly metamorphosed into the saviour of Roman liberty, an image which he would cultivate until his death. The settlement of 27BC was the striking culmination of this tactic; Octavian appeared before the senate and resigned all of his extraordinary powers. The Res Gestae alludes to the event only briefly, but, given its propagandist purpose, understandably implies that Augustus was acting benevolently as he transferred the republic from my power to the dominion of the senate and people of Rome. 8 The ambiguity of this statement conceals the true nature of the settlement, which Dio more accurately paints as a clever trick to have his supremacy ratified by the Senate9 and the Res Gestae fails to mention the vast provincia that Octavian, now rewarded with the cognomen Augustus, received in return. Suetonius, who also addresses the settlement only peripherally, informs us that Augustus kept for himself all the more vigorous provinces;10 these were Gaul, Spain (excluding Baetica), Syria and Cyprus, over which he gained proconsular authority for a ten year period, in addition to Egypt, which he administered as virtually his own private kingdom. Suetonius and the Res Gestae, however, both neglect to mention that Augustus retained control of all the legions (although Dio to an extent implies this in saying that Augustus took the more powerful11). In addition, Augustus continued to stand for, and was elected to, the consulship. This was an unprecedented move, as no previous public figure had held both consular and proconsular authority concurrently. Undoubtedly, the settlement was not a service12 to Rome as Augustus implied, but an enormously clever manipulation of the Senate that simultaneously gave Augustus vast powers within the Republican system, legitimised his position, and won him mass acclaim. The claims in the Res Gestae that after this time I possessed no more official power than others who were my colleagues in several magistracies13 are strictly true, but what is omitted is the fact that Augustus had an unparalleled accumulation of magistracies. Dio even dates the foundation of the monarchy to the settlement of 27BC, claiming In this way the power of both people and senate passed entirely into the hands of Augustus, and from this time there was, strictly speaking, a monarch14 Arguably, this statement needs to be qualified on two grounds. Firstly, Augustus did not have absolute legal power; he still ultimately accountable to the law. Additionally, many facets of the Republic were restored, albeit in a modified form the Senate regained control over the more peaceful provinces, and all magistrates performed their traditional functions. Secondly, the settlement did not instantaneously establish a monarchy; it merely provided the constitutional basis for, and therefore enhanced the legitimacy of, Augustus dominance within the Republic. Further enhancements were made to the political settlement in 23BC, when Augustus renounced the perpetual consulship and gained instead all the components of tribunician power, in addition to imperium maius over the other consuls that was valid even with the boundary of the pomerium. This settlement is alluded to neither in the Res Gestae (Augustus simply mentions that he was awarded tribunician power15) or in Suetonius, whose coverage of constitutional matters is sketchy. Dio mentions that Augustus was granted tribunician power, but only vaguely implies a political purpose in saying Augustus resigned the consulship n order that as many as possible might become consuls16 The reason for these changes is unclear; one interpretation is that Augustus wanted to make his power even less overt, perhaps as a result of a conspiracy against his life in 24BC (although Dio dates the conspiracy to 22BC, the year after the settlement,17 which may suggest that it occurred as a response to the settl ement), another is that referred to above by Dio, namely, that he realised his monopoly of the consulship was infuriating other politicians as it limited their possibilities of advancement to the position. Although the second settlement ostensibly reduced Augustus power, depriving him of his consular imperium, and probably, therefore, his imperium within Rome itself, it transpired that the period of 24BC-19BC was key in the establishment of the principate. To what extent Augustus anticipated the constructive effects of the settlement is difficult to gauge, but given his immense political acumen, it cannot be discounted that the settlement was a highly calculated move. To the politically unsophisticated masses, this settlement indicated Augustus resignation from Roman politics. Fortuitously for Augustus, this resignation coincided with damaging floods and food shortages, which the superstitious interpreted as negative omens. In consequence, there were demands for Augustus to accept the dictatorship or the perpetual consulship,18 a clear validation of his continued dominance. Augustus refused, claiming that I would not accept any office inconsistent with the custom of our ancestors. 19 He thus managed to simultaneously emerge with an enhanced reputation, and with popular support that could potentially be used as leverage to force the senators into acquiescence. Any loss of power, too, seems to have been temporary, for Dio indicates that in 19BC Augustus gained [authority of] consul for life,20 although he did not formally hold the post. This is not mentioned in the Res Gestae, but, given that the constitutional basis of Augustus dominance is largely ignored, this is unsurprising. Between 31BC and 19BC, Augustus established the legal foundation of his predominance extremely successfully. His tactic of acting inside the Roman constitution had allowed him to amass considerable power whilst avoiding offence to Republican sentiment. He had, indeed established the legal foundations of a new position that, although strictly a composite of constitutional positions, allowed him to gradually assume monarchical authority. Augustus choice to omit mention of his legal powers, or potestas in the Res Gestae means that it is easy to underestimate their importance, but by 19BC his legal rights were indeed great; not only did he have proconsular authority over half the empire and control of most of the legions, but his imperium maius enabled him to intervene even in senatorial provinces, whilst the consular imperium he may have received in 19BC gave him legal pre-eminence in Rome itself. Although tribunician power was primarily symbolic, giving Augustus an image as defender of the people, it did allow him to propose legislation and veto the laws of the Senate. Despite these successes in establishing increasing dominance, there were still key differences between the constitutional powers of Augustus and the powers usually associated with monarchy. Augustus ultimately did not enjoy absolute power, as he was accountable to the constitution and the law. Indeed, many of his special rights, namely his proconsular authority over his provincia, were officially only granted for periods of five or ten years, although they would never be revoked. What is paramount, however, is that although Augustus recognised the importance of having his position ratified in constitutional terms, largely in order to secure the acquiescence of the governing class, he did not intend to have his authority continuously scrutinised in terms of legal minutiae. Augustus potestas, or legal powers, clarified his role and legitimised his pre-existing dominance, but Augustus never intended for them to provide an exhaustive description of his role or to limit his powers. Instead, Augustus hoped that, with success and popularity, he would evolve into a monarchical figure acceptable to the Romans, and would be able to issue commands without people inquiring by virtue of what statute he was acting. This unofficial influence, or auctoritas, was a key component of Augustus power. Augustus auctoritas was largely derived from his unparalleled achievements, and, fortuitously for the princeps, these continued to occur after 31BC. Augustus exploited the true foundations of his power, namely his military success and enormous wealth, plus his considerable political skill, to gain triumphs for the Empire. Between 31BC and 19BC he achieved more success in the provinces, pacifying Gaul and Spain and annexing Galatia and Lyconia. In 25BC the Temple of Janus was closed, which, as is mentioned in the Res Gestae, symbolised that victories had secured peace through land and sea throughout the whole empire of the Roman people. 21 Military success was combined with striking munificence; in the Res Gestae Augustus highlights that between 31BC and 19BC he gave 700 sesterces to each of the Roman plebs, that after the war he gave 1000 sesterces to each of his soldiers, and that in 23BC he bought grain to help ease the food shortages. 22 This was in addition to his lauded building programme; by 19BC his immense spending on public works had begun. The inevitable result of such achievements was popularity amongst both the masses and, increasingly, the Senate, and as more people concurred with Augustus dominance his auctoritas further increased. Interestingly, Augustus chose to highlight his auctoritas rather than his potestas in the Res Gestae, which contains the implicit assumption throughout that great successes merited great rewards and influence. Indeed, whilst barely mentioning his imperium and omitting his provincia totally, Augustus confidently asserts that he excelled all in influence. 23 His choice to emphasise his unofficial power rather than his potestas was again politically expedient, reinforcing the image that Augustus was not the destroyer of the Republican tradition, but a great man who had been rewarded for service to his country. The latter image was far more acceptable to the conservative nobility, who, as a result of the peace and success that Augustus had heralded, and also due to the memories of the functi oning Republic becoming more distant, were increasingly prepared to collaborate with Augustus and accept his diluted version of monarchy. Allied to his pursuit of personal popularity, Augustus also attempted to reduce the instinctive Roman hostility towards one man having overt control through creating an image of hereditary rule far removed from previous notions of tyranny and poor government. A skilled propagandist, Augustus presented himself simultaneously as a benevolent patriarch, a skilled general who actively championed the liberty of the Republic24and added to its glory, and a great statesman. He also manipulated his position as the divi filius of the deified Caesar, and encouraged, particularly in the provinces, the development of an imperial cult. To propagate these images, Augustus employed subtle yet pervasive propaganda. Coins were minted and statues built in praise of Augustus achievements, and poets such as Horace and Virgil were encouraged to write in praise of the princeps and the Empire. Commonly ascribed to him were the virtues of, as he writes in the Res Gestae, courage, clemency, justice and piety,25 and even the cognomen Augustus was suggestive, meaning revered one. Although the amassing of auctoritas continued until his death, by 19BC Augustus had certainly started to evolve into a monarchical figure who boasted the support of the Roman people and had largely overcome resistance to his rule. Whilst Augustus longevity and continued success would allow his power to further increase, by 19BC he had, as Suetonius claimed was his aim, built firm and lasting foundations for the Government of the State. 26 His next concern was to ensure that these foundations which I have established for the State will abide secure. 27 This appears to be a veiled reference to his wish to appoint a successor, which is perhaps the best proof that Augustus aim was always to develop hereditary monarchy in Rome. Even before 19BC, Augustus was preoccupied with the issue of the succession, particularly during his serious illness of 23BC. Although Dio asserts that Augustus did not, to be sure, appoint a successor,28 he, perhaps surprisingly, states that all were expecting that Marcellus would be preferred for the position29 (Augustus seemed to instead prefer Agrippa). The latter quotes suggests that even as early as 23BC, there was a growing acceptance of hereditary rule, one of the most important precepts of monarchical government. By 19BC, the precepts of monarchy, only recently anathema to proud senators and politicians, were beginning to become the undeniable realities of a Roman political system increasingly dominated by one individual, Augustus Caesar, who had carefully yet systematically undermined the values of the Republican system he had purported to protect. Whilst Augustus did not officially possess monarchical power and was ultimately subject to the law and constitution, his skill in amassing numerous offices, powers and honours, combined with his popularity and unparalleled auctoritas, meant that his authority was increasingly unchecked. Even after only 15 years of rule, Caesars heir had skilfully laid the foundations for a monarchy distinctly Roman, a monarchy cloaked in Republican phraseology and custom, yet which would consign the Republic itself forever to history.

Accounting For Managers Example

Accounting For Managers Example Accounting For Managers – Coursework Example Outsourcing/Offshoring and Re-Verticalization 5th April Outsourcing Offshoring and Reverticalization Emergently, U.S. companies are shifting their focus from outsourcing and offshoring of their operations and subsequently relocating them to the United States. According to Noreen, Brewer, and Garrison (2014), the reversal of the offshoring and outsourcing practice has gained prominence as the leading companies opt to re-strategize their operations by relocating foreign subsidiaries back into the country. This essay is aimed at discussing the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing and offshoring versus the re-establishment of companies back into the United States. Outsourcing/ OffshoringAdvantages Outsourcing and offshoring practices have been characterized by key advantages that have led to their widespread adoption. Outsourcing enables companies to transfer production tasks to specialized vendors with the expertise and resources in a particular field. The model therefore leads to high quality products and saving on time. In addition, offshoring facilitates steady growth with limited overhead costs (Noreen et al. 2014). Through offshoring, firms are exposed to low-cost labor and readily available raw materials. On the other hand, outsourcing enhances risk sharing as companies shift selected responsibilities to other vendors. In relation to corporate tax, foreign subsidiaries have provisions to defer paying corporate tax until the earnings are transferred back into the United States. Subsequently, the demerits of outsourcing and offshoring practices have been the focus of public debate in light of the recent economic recession.Reverticalization of Outsourcing and Offshoring Offshoring majorly leads to the transfer of employment opportunities to the emergent market. This is in contrast to the emergent trend of re-verticalization that is rooting for the relocation of key companies into the US. Re-verticalization positively contributes to the creation of job o pportunities in the country and revitalization of the economy through the 35 % corporate tax (R. Hira & A. Hira, 2008). The relocation of firms in the US further underlines effective management of confidential data by eliminating third parties as opposed to offshoring that majorly avails recruitment and payroll information to offshoring vendors. Re-verticalization further eludes risks associated with hidden costs resulting from international transactions and contracts that add up to the overhead costs. Consequently, re-verticalization of the key operations of companies also advances the company’s focus on customers. With offshoring, vendors engaged with numerous organizations thereby failing to meet client-specific needs of an organization (R. Hira & A. Hira, 2008). In contrast, re-verticalization concentrates on the core operations of an institution based on corporate and business strategy of the company. ReferencesHira, R., & Hira, A. (2008). Outsourcing America: The true c ost of shipping jobs overseas and what can be done about it. New York: Amacom.Noreen, E. W., Brewer, P. C., & Garrison, R. H. (2014). Managerial accounting for managers. S.l.: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Accounting For Managers Example Accounting For Managers – Coursework Example Relevance of a Budget to an Organization s 14th April Relevance of a Budget to an Organization According to Reimers (2007), financial planning in an organization is underpinned with effective budgeting tools and in this regard he defined a budget as an organization’s quantitative expression of financial plans for a future period that could range between months or years. This essay is aimed at examining the relevance of preparing and utilizing a budget in an organization. Preparation of a budget is requisite in the determination of the capital structure of an organization. Through the application of budgetary tools, management is able to realign effectively financing of assets through the perfect matrix of equity, debt and securities (Garrison et al., 2015). As a result of capital budgeting, the management will be better placed to formulate strategic goals, accurately estimate and forecast cash flows, control and monitor organization’s expenditures. The budget is also i nstrumental in the formulation and amendment of financial policies. According to Reimers (2007), the budget constitutes an integral part in the decision-making framework within an organization. As a decision making tool, the budget explicitly depicts the financial plans of an organization thereby providing a framework for the development of appropriate policies and strategies on future undertakings. Garrison et al., (2015) noted that the importance of a budget is further underlined with its role in organization performance monitoring. Organizations should prepare a budget to facilitate comparability of the actual performance of a firm against the previously forecasted performance. Vis a vis, the budget provides the management with the baseline for the evaluation of the performance of the organization within a specific period. Similarly, based on the organization’s performance, the management is able to evaluate the emergent market trends and strategize on the future performa nce of the firm (Garrison et al., 2015). In addition, organizations should prepare budget in order to reduce uncertainties associated with market trends through effective planning for the limited resources, balancing of inflow and outflow of funds and strategic investment of organization’s income. ReferencesGarrison, R. Noreen, E. and Brewer, P. (2015). Managerial Accounting (15th Edition). New York, U.S: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Reimers, J. (2007). Financial accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Critique for a Quantitative Research Article Paper

Critique for a Quantitative Article - Research Paper Example Because each instrument has both merits and demerits, a researcher has to choose only appropriate tool to apply in his/her study. This paper reviews an article that describes evaluation study of an Advance Care Plan (ACP) in the Residential Aged Care Facility (RACF). The evaluation follows implementation of various strategies to improve outcomes of ACP. In-depth Review of the Article Introduction Section Purpose of the â€Å"Advanced Care Planning: How does current practice compare with best practice† study is clearly explained. The author of the article, Elizabeth van der Spek, explains that the study is a post-implementation audit to determine whether ACP outcomes have actually improved. In the abstract section, the author says that after the Getting Research Into Practice (GRIP) phase of the project, it was necessary to evaluate effectiveness of strategies implemented. Main problem of the study was, thus, determining whether GRIP really had an effect in the RACF. The author exhaustively gives details of what she is doing. As a proof, the author, in the background section, introduces her subject by comprehensively discussing importance of planning for end of an individual’s life. ... However, after the GRIP phase, there is need to check whether the shortcomings have been eliminated. In page two, the author include an audit question to reveal what the study attempts to answer. Through the question, the author generates her study variables. Three types of variables are used; specific GRIP strategy, specific post-implementation ACP outcome, and standard ACP outcomes. Based on findings of the study and using similar variables, the study can effectively be used to solve any clinical problem. Literature review, Theoretical Framework, Study Hypotheses In literature review, the author carefully introduces the concept of planning for end of a person’s life. As basis of the study, the author uncovers significance of â€Å"End-life wishes.† Spek, thus, did a wide research about her study topic. However, the author does not clearly relate her study with previous studies. In fact, the study does not quote a similar research that had studied ACP. Consequently, th e author does not describe literature gaps. That is, the study is geared towards improving services of RACF and not filling any literature gap. Theoretically, no plain study rationale is stated. Based on this fact, the entire project can be nullified. Ambiguity of the study is also evident in forming hypotheses. The study is a comparative research but no postulate is made about possible outcome of ACP in the facility. Because of vagueness of hypotheses, the study does not allow easy testing procedures. Methodology Even though three classes of variables are used in the study, they are, nevertheless, not easily measurable. The strategies are considered as independent variables, which after implementations, lead to a change in the

School Uniforms in US Public Schools in Michigan Research Proposal

School Uniforms in US Public Schools in Michigan - Research Proposal Example Moreover, a broad discussion relating to the correlation between student behavior and school uniform has also been discussed. Besides, valuable suggestions for improving the effectiveness of school uniform policies in MI school district and mitigating the problems have also been discussed. Discussion School uniforms are often used in every part of the world as a part which helps in maintaining a proper coordination amid the pupils or the learners by a greater level. The introduction as well as the execution of school uniforms can be duly considered to be a global method of upholding law and order within an educational setting. It can be apparently observed that the educational institutions implementing the policy of school uniforms are less involved in arising disputes amid their pupils (The Michigan Legislature, 1999). The topic of introducing school uniforms in the state of Michigan has been in discussion from many years. It has been stated that the state shares no concern in maint aining discipline in public schools resulting in poor academic performance and incident of violence within their respective campus. It can be affirmed from a broader outlook that school uniform associated policies are often designed to foster the performance of the students in an effectual manner. But in certain cases, it can also be viewed that the implementation of the policy did not proved to be quite effective. While certain critics consider adaptation of the school uniform policy to be a fundamental change in the educational environment, it is also criticized concerning its execution affecting right to freedom by a certain degree. Therefore, it is quite vital especially for the school officials to make effective decisions considering both the positive as well as the negative effects that may arise from employing such policies. It has been viewed that in the year 2000, around 21% of the schools encircling the region of the United States have adopted the policy of effectively usi ng school uniforms amid their pupils. In relation to recognize the problems concerning school uniforms, it can be stated that the main reason behind the increase in adoption of school uniforms in the institutions around the country

Greenhouse Business Challenge and Carbon Footprint in Australia Assignment

Greenhouse Business Challenge and Carbon Footprint in Australia - Assignment Example The processes, policies, and procedures to be taken up by companies in regards to carbon footprint operations would be based on standards and incentives. In the first case, standards need to be fixed by companies to measure and thereby manage the level of emissions and thereby to take resort to other non-conventional energy sources like wind and solar energy. Secondly, the focus to reduce the carbon emissions can be linked to financial incentives where it helps in reduction of operational cost (Bannon, DeBell and Krosnick, 2007, p.2). Coca-Cola since 2004 is observed to expend around $40 million in regards to the placement of sustainable refrigerators in its different stores. The refrigerators would work on alternatives for hydro-fluoro-carbons (Cogan, Good, Kantor and McAteer, 2008, p.39). The Best Practices involved in regards to management of Carbon Footprint by organizations are as follows. Firstly the management body of the concern needs to select a particular year calendar or financial in regards to gaining considerable data. Secondly, the management focuses to reduce the level of emissions from direct and indirect operations. Thirdly the management is to decide on the level of control based on direct ownership or through stakeholder approach to reducing the level of greenhouse gases (New Zealand Government, 2008). Wal-Mart focuses on designing a prototype of a store that would help in reducing emission levels of greenhouse gases by around 30 percent. It also targets in reducing emission level in the international stores by around 20 percent to the close of 2012 and in doubling the efficiency level of transportation by 2015 (Walmart, 2010). Tesco is closely working with its supply chain systems to help reduce the level of carbon emissions through a reduction in the number of transportation vehicles and also using bio-energy Tesco also rightly labels the carbon footprint in the different products (FBP 1094, p.3-7)

Ancient Egypt’s Comparison with Mesopotamia

Ancient Egypt’s Comparison with Mesopotamia Ancient Egypt’s farming system compared with Mesopotamia Ancient Egyptians had an easier life compared to the other ancient civilizations because of their reliable agriculture system. Geography played a big role, especially in farming. Due to geography, Mesopotamia and Egypt had different farming methods, weathers, environment, and flooding seasons. In fact, Egypt’s great farming system led them to have better conditions to farm than Mesopotamia because of flooding, the rivers and irrigation and the farming tools that they used. Economy, crops, flooding, and the weather varied between Mesopotamia and Egypt. Geography, flooding seasons, different farming tools, and methods led Egypt to have a better agriculture system than Egypt. The difference between geographies, which includes the environment, was the main factor that the farming was different in Mesopotamians and Egyptians. Flooding influenced farming in Mesopotamia and Egypt. However, flooding helped Egypt but it influenced badly in Mesopotamia. Egypt is settled on the world’s longest river, the Nile, which flows from south to north because of the geography of land. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egypt had a predictable flooding seasons. Farmers, knowing when to expect floods, were able to schedule growing seasons around when crops needed water. Not only did flooding help with good timing with farming, but it also provided rich soil from the flooding. The Nile River floods between June and October (Louis, and Jennifer). After floods, there would be a fertile land along the river which Egyptians used to plant and grow things such as fruits and vegetables (Gill, 29). Flood played a big role in farming and growing crops in Egypt. On the contrary, growing crops were more difficult for Mesopotamians because of the difference in geography. Mesopotamia had limited natural resources because of the unpredictable floods (David, 117). Farmers had no prediction when it was going to flood, which gave the farmers hard times finding the right season to farm. Unlike Egyptians, Mesopotamians lived in the city-states which were based on farming and trade. The city-states were a group of small cities which needed unity with one the other. Also, they were isolated from one another geographically and so the independence of each city-state became important. Farming played a big role in city-states. However, Egypt did not have a good environment, especially the flood was the main problem. Floods destroyed villages and took many lives (David, 121). The floods sometimes caused rivers to change courses and due to this farmers had a lot of trouble with crops. Sudden floods forced Mesopotamians to create an organized agricultural sys tem to help them with farming and growing crops. Mesopotamia was very dry, hot and had little rainfall. Farmers had hard time finding water for their crops. Farming was hard for Mesopotamians due to the hot weather and bad environment conditions (David, 122). Flood was not the only cause of having different farming system, but also due to using different tools and farming methods. Using different tools in farming and farming in different environment such as soil and weathers led Mesopotamia and Egypt to harvest different crops. Egyptian grew a lot of crops due to good weather and soil. Egyptian farmers grew crops such as wheat, barley, vegetables, figs, melons, pomegranates and vines (Barrow). Also, they grew flax which was made into linen (Barrow). Out of all the crops that the Egyptian farmers harvested, the most important crop was grain because ancient Egyptians used grain to make bread, porridge and beer (Barrow). Moreover, grain was the first crop that they grew after inundation. Once the grain was harvested, they grew vegetables, such as onions, leeks, cabbages beans and lettuce (Barrow). Crops differed between Mesopotamia and Egypt because of the environment, but also due to the different tools that they used to farm. Ancient Egypt ian had simple farming tools such as winnowing scoops, hoes, rakes, flint-bladed sickles and ploughs (Barrow). Farming methods, and tools also took a big role in Egypt to have a reliable farming system. Moreover, Egypt was geography isolated by deserts, mountains and seas which allowed their crops to grow well. Mesopotamia had only few crops to grow due to the geography and flooding which influenced the Economy. Due to unpredictable floods, Mesopotamians did not know when to farm. For some farmers, when it was time to harvest, flooded unexpectedly and swept away all the crops. However, the farmers raised few crops which were grains, fruit, vegetables, and barn yard animals. One of the methods that the farmers used was by filling the containers with seeds. Cows would pull plow seed and the seeds would go into the ground (Louis, and Jennifer). Mesopotamian people invented the seeder plow, which enabled farmers to carry out the tasks of seeding and plowing at the same time. The plow created a long, narrow trench made in the ground as seed was dropped into a funnel (Gabriel). The Mesopotamians further enhanced the technology of the plow by learning how to use ox to power it (Gabriel). There were few farming methods, however, Mesopotamia did not have enough methods than Egypt (Louis, and Jennife r). Due to the lack of farming methods, the Mesopotamian farmers hand harvested most crops. Because of the unpredictable flood, and lack of farming tools and methods, Egypt had a better profit in crops and had developed farming system. Along with the farming methods and tools, Mesopotamian and Egyptians were both influenced by geography (McIntosh, 56). Egypt, irrigation led to an increased food supply and helped water dry lands with streams, canals, or pipes. Due to irrigation, farmers could plan for the seasonal flooding. Nile River played a big role in farming because the river provided silt whenever there was a flood, so Egypt was ready for flood and they did not have to worry about the right time for farming. Also, after floods, there would be a fertile strip along the Nile River that was about 12 miles wide (Louis, and Jennifer). Moreover, this benefited the soil, due to this they had rich fertile soil which was good for farming. Not only good fertile soil land, but also the economy boosted. Farmers had a lot of profit due to growing crops. Crops were able to boost the economy because of irrigation. This increased food supply, fertile lands, canals, pipes, and farmers suffered less. Due to Egypt’s geogr aphy, economy boosted because of crops. On the other land, Mesopotamia had hard time with their economy because of their geography. Mesopotamia depended on Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, however, they sometimes brought unpredictable floods (Wallenfels, 28-29). Unlike Egypt, Mesopotamia was overwhelmed with a large amount of silt. This silt was a constant cause of problems in the manmade irrigation systems (Grigg, 22). Not only the silt was the problem, but also the salt was the problem. Right below the surface of where Mesopotamia was, there was a large cluster of salt deposits. This high saline content of the soil made farming in Mesopotamia much more complex and difficult than it was in Egypt. Also, any time the irrigation waterways were not able to be maintained, a lack of the large food would result. Due to the salt deposit and overload of silt caused a decline in economy and crops in Mesopotamia (Grigg, 21). Above all, Egypt had better and suitable environment to grow crops which developed their farming skills as well as their economy. Also, there were many farming methods and tools which led them to grow more crops, and no longer had to do hand harvested crops. Egypt’s distinguished geography, farming methods, and farming tools helped to set them up to be more advanced and outstanding society than Mesopotamian civilization. Works Cited Bertman, Stephen. Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. New York: Oxford UP, 2005.  Print. Cline, Eric H., and Jill Rubalcaba. The Ancient Egyptian World. New York: Oxford UP, 2005.  Print. David, A. Rosalie. Geography of Ancient Egypt. Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt. New  York: Facts On File, 2003. 117-22. Print. Louis, and Jennifer. Farming and Agriculture of Egypt and Mesopotamia. Farming and  Agriculture of Egypt and Mesopotamia. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Feb. 2014. Roaf, Michael. Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. Arlington, VA: Stonehenge, 1992.  Print. Wallenfels, Ronald. World Eras, Volume 8: Ancient Mesopotamia, 3300-331 BCE. Detroit: Gale,  2004. Print. Gill, Vernon Dale, Tom (1974). Topsoil and Civilization, University of Oklahoma Press. Grigg, D.B, (1974). Agricultural Systems of the World. Cambridge University Press. Jacobsent, Thorkild (1982). Salinity and Irrigation Agriculture in Antiquity, UndenaPublications. Leonard, Jonathan Norton, (1973). The First Farmers, Time Life Books. Louis, and Jennifer. Farming and Agriculture of Egypt and Mesopotamia.Farming and Agriculture of Egypt and Mesopotamia. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Feb. 2014.